November 13, 2024: AmericanStudies’ 14th Anniversary!: Teaching Thoughts

[14 years ago this week, this blog was born. For this year’s anniversary series, I wanted to highlight a handful of the types of posts that have kept me blogging for nearly a decade and a half now. Leading up to some special weekend tributes!]

In mid-May 2011, almost exactly six months into my blogging career, I decided to end the Spring 2011 semester with a few consecutive posts (starting with that hyperlinked one) reflecting on that semester’s classes, teaching, and other work in my roles at Fitchburg State. I won’t pretend to remember if I planned at that time to make such end-of-semester reflections a consistent part of the blog, nor exactly when I decided to complement them with beginning of semester posts (I featured one individual such post in September 2011, but featured the first full pre-semester series in January 2012, and likewise featured a weeklong end of semester series that May). All I know is, it’s been a long time since I’ve started or ended a semester without blogging about it, and I really love how much the two go hand-in-hand for me: the promise of a new semester and the opportunity to express those hopes in this space; the culminating moments of a semester and the chance to think about takeaways from that work here. Other than my sons, teaching and blogging have been my two true constants over the last 14 years, and I love that they’re so intertwined.

Next post on posts tomorrow,

Ben

PS. Give me a great anniversary present and say hi in comments, please!

November 12, 2024: AmericanStudies’ 14th Anniversary!: Lifelong Learning

[14 years ago this week, this blog was born. For this year’s anniversary series, I wanted to highlight a handful of the types of posts that have kept me blogging for nearly a decade and a half now. Leading up to some special weekend tributes!]

For some time in the blog’s early days (and really its early years), I’d say my posts tended to focus on the kinds of familiar topics I highlighted yesterday—sometimes favorites, sometimes frustrations, but most of the time subjects about which I knew a decent amount before I began planning and writing. It was really when I began planning weekly series around a particular topic that I likewise started creating posts—not all of them, but at least a couple in each series, let’s say—from an initially less well-informed place, and thus needing to research before (and while) writing. As a result, there’s absolutely no doubt that I have learned a great deal from this blog, about an unbelievably wide variety of topics: including, to cite just a few from my early moves into such weekly series, San Diego, satire, and Sendak. I hope I’ve modeled lifelong learning as a collective goal in the process, but in any case that goal has kept the blog fresh for its author, and thus without question kept me going.

Next post on posts tomorrow,

Ben

PS. Give me a great anniversary present and say hi in comments, please!

November 11, 2024: AmericanStudies’ 14th Anniversary!: Foregrounding Favorites

[14 years ago this week, this blog was born. For this year’s anniversary series, I wanted to highlight a handful of the types of posts that have kept me blogging for nearly a decade and a half now. Leading up to some special weekend tributes!]

For folks who know me, it’s likely no surprise that the first month of this blog included posts that featured The Marrow of Tradition, Thunderheart, Boston’s Shaw/54^th Massachusetts Memorial, The Grandissimes and The Squatter and the Don, The Best Years of Our Lives, and the Chinese Educational Mission and its Celestials baseball team. That is, all of those things are favorites of mine in their respective cultural and historical categories, and I can’t imagine creating a daily blog without getting the chance to share such favorites with y’all (I’m honestly just surprised I didn’t get to Springsteen or Sayles for as long as I did, although I’ve more than made up for it since). While I got a lot of those favorites into the mix very quickly, I’ve certainly returned to favs every month and year since, including further attention to those but also to other subjects such as (to name just a few from this past year) Kane Brown, House of Leaves, Deadwood and Justified, and many many more. I’m still doing this 14 years down the road for lots of reasons, as I hope this series will illustrate, but high on the list is that I’m having a lot of fun, and favorites help make it so.

Next post on posts tomorrow,

Ben

PS. Give me a great anniversary present and say hi in comments, please!

November 9-10, 2024: 2024 Election Reflections

So that happened. I’ve spent a lot of time over the last few years thinking and writing about the worst and best of America, and somehow I’m still surprised and saddened when we lean into our worst. We can try to understand and analyze these results in all sorts of ways, but the bottom line is that more than 70 million of my fellow Americans voted for a candidate who expresses and embodies not just the worst attributes of human behavior and the worst impulses toward fascism, but also (and most relevantly to this blog) the worst of our shared histories and national identity.

The only other thing I want to say here is this: over the last few days, I’ve started to work hard to lean in myself, into the people and things I love, into the best in my life, from the biggest (my younger son as he moves through his senior year, my older son as he continues to rock his freshman year in college, my parents, my wife) to the smallest (a Reese’s ice cream cake for no reason other than all the reasons). And one of the things I love most is the best of the work I get to do—in the classroom, on my podcast, in this blog, everywhere I get to do this AmericanStudying thing. La lucha continua, and as ever I’m very proud to be in it with y’all.

Blog anniversary series starts Monday,

Ben

PS. What do you think?

November 8, 2024: The 1924 Election: Foreshadowing the Future

[This has been a particularly crazy last year/decade/eternity, but it’s not the first nutty presidential campaign and election. 100 years ago was certainly another, so this week I’ll AmericanStudy a handful of 1924 election contexts, leading up to some reflections on this year’s electoral results!]

Three ways that the 1924 election foreshadowed future political events.

1)      Progressive programs: I don’t want to repeat too much of where I ended yesterday’s post, but I don’t think it’s possible to overstate the significance of La Follette’s third-party run and success. Coolidge’s win was due in large part to perceptions that the economy was booming—but five years before the stock market crash, La Follette’s success reflected a sizeable contingent of Americans for whom things weren’t going so well, and a desire for a government that could support and help those folks. Less than a decade later, the federal government would dedicate itself to doing so in ways that would extend into at least the 1960s and in many ways the rest of the century.

2)      Catholic candidates: A major reason for the ridiculous deadlock at the 1924 Democratic National Convention was that one of the two leading contenders for the nomination, New York Governor Al Smith, was Catholic, and thus the target of the same longstanding anti-Catholic prejudices I highlighted in this post a couple months back. If Smith did not ultimately break through those prejudices in 1924, however, he was able to do so just four years later, winning the Democratic nomination at the also-contested 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston. Smith lost to Herbert Hoover in November, and there’s no doubt that his Catholicism played a role; but progress is progress, and I believe Smith’s progress in the 1920s absolutely foreshadowed Kennedy’s election in 1960 (as well as the non-issue that Biden’s Catholicism has been in our current moment).

3)      Right-wing extremism in New York: Both of those were genuine and positive legacies of the 1924 election, and I don’t want to minimize them by ending on a darker note. But the presence and influence of the Ku Klux Klan at the Democratic Convention in New York City was a powerful moment of foreshadowing in its own right, and I’m not talking here about the immigration restrictions and exclusions I highlighted in Wednesday’s post. Instead, I’m thinking about another, even more extreme right-wing gathering in Madison Square Garden fifteen years later, one that truly reflected the presence of such American extremists. I think it’s fair to say we’re still dealing with that presence lo these 100 years later.  

2024 election reflections this weekend,

Ben

PS. What do you think? Other crazy elections you’d highlight, or thoughts on this one you’d share?

November 7, 2024: The 1924 Election: La Follette’s 3rd Party

[This has been a particularly crazy last year/decade/eternity, but it’s not the first nutty presidential campaign and election. 100 years ago was certainly another, so this week I’ll AmericanStudy a handful of 1924 election contexts, leading up to some reflections on this year’s electoral results!]

For one of the most successful third-party candidates in American history, on three ways to analyze why such candidates exist.

1)      Splintered Parties: Dissatisfied with the increasingly conservative, isolationist, pro-business and anti-labor stance of the Republican Party in the 1920s, Robert “Fighting Bob” La Follette, the most famous political figure in the history of Wisconsin and an ardent supporter of labor unions, progressive taxation and wealth distribution, and other liberal causes, decided not long before the 1924 campaign began to leave that party and form his own, the Progressive Party. Many of the most successful third-party candidates and campaigns in American history have started in similar ways, with a schism in one of the major parties; I’d say that defines these particular third-party candidates as well-established political players, part of the existing system, yet with a new perspective that challenges that system’s current duality and offers voters a somewhat familiar but still new alternative.

2)      Self-Confidence: While third parties are thus generally responding to evolving realities within the existing parties and system, as well as to voting blocs that are no longer represented by those parties, they have also almost always depended on a famous individual around whom the new party can be organized. And from William Jennings Bryan to Teddy Roosevelt to Ross Perot to Ralph Nader to RFK Jr. (not providing a hyperlink for that mofo, sorry), most of those individuals have been, shall we say, very fond of the sound of their own voices. It’s understandable—to run a campaign that challenges the major parties is an act of striking self-confidence, if not indeed hubris. Quite likely that’s necessary in our political system; but at the same time, it can make these third parties dangerously close to cults of personality. From what I can tell, La Follette was genuinely more focused on the people than himself; but it’s always a fine line with third-party candidates, is what I’m saying.

3)      Setting the Stage: However we parse their motivations, there’s no doubt that third parties can have a real effect on elections, and at times that effect has been a very frustrating one (looking at you, Ralph). It doesn’t seem like La Follette’s presence in 1924 necessarily did so, since he probably gained votes from more liberal voters in both parties. And in any case, there’s another, longer-term potential effect of third-party campaigns, especially those that reach a certain level of success as La Follette’s definitely did: they can help reshape political conversations, setting the stage for future evolutions of the parties and the system as well as the nation overall. It was nearly a decade before Franklin Roosevelt would begin creating the New Deal, and of course the onset of the Great Depression was the most significant factor in that sweeping transformation of American politics and society. But I would argue that La Follette’s campaign proved that there was a substantial public appetite for (among other reforms) support for workers and taking care of the most vulnerable, all of which helped make the New Deal possible.

Last 1924 contexts tomorrow,

Ben

PS. What do you think? Other crazy elections you’d highlight, or thoughts on this one you’d share?

November 6, 2024: The 1924 Election: KKKonventions

[This has been a particularly crazy last year/decade/eternity, but it’s not the first nutty presidential campaign and election. 100 years ago was certainly another, so this week I’ll AmericanStudy a handful of 1924 election contexts, leading up to some reflections on this year’s electoral results!]

On the Klan’s influence on both 1924 Conventions, and a frustrating national parallel.

More than 8 years ago, I wrote for The American Prospect about the chaotic 1924 Democratic National Convention (to this day the longest continuously running convention in US history) and the frustratingly over-sized role that the Ku Klux Klan played there. I’d ask you to check out that column (at the first hyperlink above) if you would, and then come on back for more.

Welcome back! I’m always learning, and it’s important to note that I was apparently mistaken that the Convention was widely known as the “Klanbake”—that’s apparently a myth which developed after the fact, based on a single newspaper editorial. But nonetheless, the Klan was a prominent presence at that DNC in New York, and a driving force in the Convention’s inability to settle on a nominee until the 103^rd ballot. And it’s worth noting that the Klan was also prominently present at the RNC in Cleveland that year, leading another editorial writer to dub that one the Kleveland Konvention. Just as the DNC failed to censure or in any formal way call out the KKK, so too was an anti-KKK measure voted down at the RNC; eventually the Republican VP nominee Charles Dawes did publicly criticize the Klan, but with sufficient mixed signals toward the organization that, as New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia noted, “General Dawes praised the Klan with faint damn.” There’s no question that the Ku Klux Klan was a major political player for both parties in the 1924 campaign.

Moreover, whatever we call the conventions or say about the KKK’s role at and around them, I stand by the final arguments I made in that American Prospect column—that we can’t separate the Klan from the most significant legislation passed in 1924, and one of the most influential laws enacted in American history: the Johnson-Reed Act, better known as the Immigration Act of 1924. I said most of what I’d want to say about that horrific law in those two hyperlinked columns, as well as in those final paragraphs of the Prospect piece. The bottom line, to me, is that it wasn’t just the respective national conventions and political parties which were under the sway of the Ku Klux Klan in 1924—it was the entire nation, and in its immigration policy, its visions of diversity and inclusion/exclusion, and its definitions of American identity it would remain so for the next forty years.  

Next 1924 contexts tomorrow,

Ben

PS. What do you think? Other crazy elections you’d highlight, or thoughts on this one you’d share?

November 5, 2024: The 1924 Election: Three VP Nominees

[This has been a particularly crazy last year/decade/eternity, but it’s not the first nutty presidential campaign and election. 100 years ago was certainly another, so this week I’ll AmericanStudy a handful of 1924 election contexts, leading up to some reflections on this year’s electoral results!]

On how three Republican nominees for the Vice Presidency exemplify electoral chaos.

1)      Frank Lowden: Up until the ratification of the 25^th Amendment in 1967, if wasn’t required for a former Vice President and newly sworn-in President like Calvin Coolidge to nominate a new Vice President, and so Coolidge didn’t do so when he ascended to the presidency in August 1923. That meant that for much of 1923 and 1924 Coolidge was seeking the Republican nomination and reelection to the presidency with no Vice Presidential nominee, and thus that the 1924 Republican National Convention in Cleveland needed to name such a nominee alongside Coolidge. Coolidge’s choice was Frank O. Lowden, a former U.S. Representative from and Governor of Illinois who had himself sought the presidency in 1920. But perhaps because he had lost that nomination to the Harding-Coolidge ticket, or perhaps because he had his own future presidential ambitions (and did run again in the 1928 Republican primaries), Lowden turned down the nomination.

2)      Charles Dawes: With Coolidge’s own choice for VP out of the running, the convention delegates as a whole settled on a new nominee, the lawyer and businessman, World War I officer, and Harding administration official (in the role of the first director of the Bureau of the Budget) Charles Dawes. During his time as Coolidge’s VP Dawes would become best known for drafting a WWI reparations plan, known as the Dawes Plan, for which he received the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize. But Coolidge clearly never warmed to Dawes as his VP, as illustrated by the president’s failure to support Dawes’ signature domestic achievement: Dawes championed the McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill and helped it pass Congress, but Coolidge vetoed the bill not once but twice (in 1926 and 1927). And when Coolidge announced he would not seek reelection in 1928 and Dawes was rumored as a possible candidate, Coolidge told delegates that he would consider any nomination of Dawes as a personal insult.    

3)      Charles Curtis: Herbert Hoover ended up the Republican presidential nominee in 1928, and Dawes was likewise passed over as a Vice Presidential nominee despite his continued interest in the role. Instead, the Republican National Convention in Kansas City chose Kansas Senator Charles Curtis as Hoover’s VP nominee. The choice of Curtis reflected a second consecutive RNC with a contested vice presidential nomination process that was separate from, and perhaps even more combative than, the presidential nomination. But at the same time, Curtis was a hugely significant symbolic choice—as an enrolled member of the Kaw Nation, he was (and remains to this day) the only Native American ever to serve as Vice President. Another way that the chaos of these 1920s elections mirrors some of the factors that have made our own current campaign and election unusual and groundbreaking!

Next 1924 contexts tomorrow,

Ben

PS. What do you think? Other crazy elections you’d highlight, or thoughts on this one you’d share?

November 4, 2024: The 1924 Election: Harding’s Shadow

[This has been a particularly crazy last year/decade/eternity, but it’s not the first nutty presidential campaign and election. 100 years ago was certainly another, so this week I’ll AmericanStudy a handful of 1924 election contexts, leading up to some reflections on this year’s electoral results!]

On how the Harding administration’s scandals expanded in the year after his death, and how they didn’t ultimately matter much in the election.

Beginning with the 1840 election and William Henry Harrison’s particularly abrupt death just one month after his inauguration, and continuing through the 1960 election and the Kennedy assassination, every twenty years the president who triumphed in that campaign ended up dying while still in office. The majority of those deaths were due to assassinations (Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, and Kennedy), but there were also three who died of natural causes: Harrison in 1841, FDR in 1945, and, on August 2^nd, 1923, Warren Harding from what was likely cardiac arrest but was called at the time a cerebral hemorrhage that had followed an “acute gastrointestinal attack.” Harding was on a train and boat trip across the Western U.S. at the time (known by the evocative name the Voyage of Understanding), and apparently sometime in the course of the trip asked his Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (who later wrote about the conversation) what a president should do if is he aware of a scandal inside his administration that has not yet come to light.

According to Hoover, he advised the president to publicize such a scandal; we’ll never know if Harding would have done so had he lived, but one thing is for certain: major scandals related to his administration did indeed emerge in the year after his death, amidst his former Vice President and newly sworn-in President Calvin Coolidge’s reelection campaign. The most prominent such scandal was Teapot Dome, which involved illicitly awarded leases to federal lands; investigations began two months after Harding’s death and continued into early 1924, with Harding’s Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall eventually serving prison time for his role. Just a couple months later, the Senate voted to open up another investigation, this time into Harding’s Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty; those investigations began in March 1924 and continued for the next few months, eventually resulting in the conviction of and prison time for another former Harding official, Alien Property Custodian Thomas W. Miller (although Daugherty escaped with a hung jury). Those weren’t even the only scandals, but they were more than enough to dominate headlines for much of 1924.  

You’d think that those election-year scandals would have affected Calvin Coolidge’s campaign—he had been part of the Harding administration (it’s second-highest ranking official, no less), had assumed the presidency upon Harding’s death and maintained much of the administration’s structure, and was running for reelection amidst all these stories about his former boss’s multi-layered corruption. At the very least, you’d think he’d have to constantly distance himself from Harding, as Al Gore did from Bill Clinton’s Monica Lewinsky scandal throughout the 2000 campaign. But from what I can tell, Harding’s scandals were largely treated by the press as separate from Coolidge and his campaign, and they don’t seem to have significantly shifted the eventual voting patterns (which closely mirrored the 1920 election, with a third-party thrown in about which I’ll write more in a couple days). Part of the reason is likely that the economy was in very good shape, which always benefits an incumbent seeking reelection. But I’d say it also reflects an early 20^th century reality that has changed drastically in the last 100 years—that vice presidents were seen as quite distinct from the president (as we'll see in tomorrow's post as well), and given space to define their own campaign as a result.  

Next 1924 contexts tomorrow,

Ben

PS. What do you think? Other elections you’d highlight, or thoughts on this one you’d share?

November 2-3, 2024: October 2024 Recap

[A Recap of the month that was in AmericanStudying.]

September 30: 19^th Century Baseball: A Contested Origin: Inspired by a bicentennial birthday and connected to my new podcast, a series on 19C baseball kicked off with two interesting details about the contested story of the sport’s origins.

October 1: 19^th Century Baseball: Henry Chadwick: For his 200^th birthday, the series continues with three ways the “Father of Baseball” helped shape the sport and its stories.

October 2: 19^th Century Baseball: The Massachusetts Game: Three places that can help us better remember an alternative form of baseball, as the series plays on.

October 3: 19^th Century Baseball: The First Professionals: Four figures who together help us chart the evolution of professional baseball in the late 19^th century.

October 4: 19^th Century Baseball: The Celestials: The series concludes with two 19^th century baseball context for the 1870s team at the heart of my podcast.

October 5-6: My New Podcast!: And speaking of that podcast, a special weekend post on three takeaways from my first experience with the medium!

October 7: Contested Holidays: Memorial/Decoration Day: Ahead of Columbus/Indigenous Peoples’ Day, a series on contested holidays kicks off with a couple additional thoughts on my annual Memorial and Decoration Day post.

October 8: Contested Holidays: The 4^th of July: The series continues with whether and how there’s a place for celebratory patriotism in our national commemorations.

October 9: Contested Holidays: Labor Day: The bare minimum for how we should celebrate Labor Day and a couple steps beyond, as the series parties on.

October 10: Contested Holidays: Thanksgiving/Day of Mourning: With Thanksgiving just a few weeks away, two ways we can be thankful while mourning.

October 11: Contested Holidays: “The War on Christmas”: The series concludes with three voices who can help us see through the “War on Christmas” canard.

October 12-13: Contested Holidays: Columbus/Indigenous Peoples Day: And for the holiday, a special weekend post on how my thinking on it has evolved over the last decade, and one thing I’d still emphasize.

October 14: Famous Phone Calls: The Great Gatsby: For the 75^th anniversary of a key stage in the technology, a series on American phone calls kicks off with three phone calls at the heart of Fitzgerald’s portrayal of early 20C America.  

October 15: Famous Phone Calls: The Scream Films: The series continues with one thing that’s really changed since the first of these phone-focused films, and one that hasn’t.

October 16: Famous Phone Calls: Phone Songs: Five pop songs that call upon this technology, as the series rings on.

October 17: Famous Phone Calls: “Madam and the Phone Bill”: A funny and fun poetic character, and the layers of meaning she reveals.

October 18: Famous Phone Calls: The 2024 Election: With the election now just days away, the series concludes with how phone calls symbolize the striking contrast at the heart of this campaign.

October 19-20: An AmericanStudier Tribute to the Phone: And on a more fully positive note, what the phone has meant to me over the last decade of my life and relationships.

October 21: Prison Stories: Dorothea Dix: For the 30^th anniversary of a sobering statistic, a PrisonStudying series kicks off with the activist from whom we still have a lot to learn.

October 22: Prison Stories: Alcatraz: The series continues with why it’s okay to turn a prison into a tourist attraction, and what we can remember instead.

October 23: Prison Stories: Ian Williams and Teaching in Prisons: Re-sharing one of my earliest posts, on a colleague and friend doing vital work in our prisons.

October 24: Prison Stories: Johnny Cash: The message the Man in Black still has for us, if we can ever start to hear it, as the series rolls on.

October 25: Prison Stories: The Inside Literary Prize: The series concludes with three quotes that together sum up why one of our newest prizes is also one of the most important ever.

October 26-27: A PrisonStudying Reading List: And speaking of writing and reading, a weekend reminder that there’s always more we can read and learn.

October 28: The Politics of Horror: Psycho and The Birds: We all know this year’s Halloween is interconnected with a very scary political season, so a series on the politics of horror films kicks off with defamiliarization and prejudice in Hitchcock.

October 29: The Politics of Horror: Last House on the Left: The series continues with a horror film that’s more disturbing in what it makes us cheer for.

October 30: The Politics of Horror: Hostel and Taken: The horrifying xenophobia at the heart of two of the 21^st century’s biggest hits, as the series screams on.

October 31: The Politics of Horror: The Saw Series: Different visions of morality in horror films and franchises, and whether they matter.

November 1: The Politics of Horror: Recent Films: The series and month conclude with quick political takeaways from five new horror classics.

Election series starts Monday,

Ben

PS. Topics you’d like to see covered in this space? Guest Posts you’d like to contribute? Lemme know!

November 1, 2024: The Politics of Horror: Recent Films

[For this year’s Halloween series, right before a particularly scary election, I thought I’d focus on some of the many horror films that remind us of the genre’s inescapable intersections with political issues. Add your nominations in comments, please!]

Quick political takeaways for five horror films from the last decade.

1)      It Follows (2014): As at least a couple of the earliest posts in this series have illustrated, sex and horror have always been intertwined in this genre. But I’m not sure any horror film has been quite so explicit, and yet quite so ambiguous, about the links between those two elements. I’m not here to tell you how to interpret this film’s themes in social or political ways—but you can’t watch it and not try to do so, and that’s a great case for horror’s political echoes regardless of your perspective.

2)      Get Out (2017): In that hyperlinked post I framed a trio of other films that provide contexts and perhaps inspirations for Jordan Peele’s modern horror classic. Here I’ll simply add that Peele’s choice in a 2017 film to make white supremacy the truest source of horror has to be among the single most prescient cultural decisions in our history.

3)      Midsommar (2019): That smart hyperlinked analysis says a great deal of what I’d want to say about Ari Aster’s cult classic and themes of toxic masculinity. A lot of horror film killers and villains seem to hate women with a particular vengeance, so I’d say it was long past time we had a horror film in which men are the specific target instead. Maybe that’s a reductive reading of Midsommar, though, which is plenty divisive in its interpretations as well as its reviews. As with every film here, check it out for yourself and share your thoughts!  

4)      Prey (2022): This latest installments in the long-running Predators franchise is a lot less ambiguous than the others in this list, and a lot more badass, with young Comanche warrior Naru (Amber Midthunder) more than up to the challenge of taking on the alien predator (at least as much as was Ahnold back in the day, I’d argue). Here the politics aren’t in the film’s content so much as in its existence as cultural representation, and (as the above hyperlinked piece also argues) it’s really excellent for that.

5)      MaXXXine (2024): I don’t know either this particular film or the trilogy it concludes very well, so I’ll mostly hand things over to my favorite contemporary reviewer Vern in that hyperlinked review (which engages with all three films, and certainly includes their social and political themes as Vern always does). I’ll just add that, as with Prey, these films seem to continue a trend of foregrounding badass young women in contemporary horror, and that in and of itself is a powerful social and political stance.

October Recap this weekend,

Ben

PS. What do you think? Other horror films you’d analyze?