[To kick off the
summer of 2016, a series AmericanStudying some famous summer texts and
contexts. Add your responses to these posts or other SummerStudying nominations
for a crowd-sourced post that’ll go down like a glass of iced lemonade!]
On two distinct
but equally significant ways to AmericanStudy the Fresh Prince.
He had had his
famous failures, but by the time Will Smith released 1991’s “Summertime”
(under his rap name the Fresh
Prince, and in conjunction with his partner and co-writer DJ Jazzy Jeff),
the multi-talented artist was back on his path toward world (or at least
cultural) domination. He had just completed the first season of his TV show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, which would over its six seasons
become one of the decade’s most popular sitcoms; he was only two years out from
his acclaimed film debut in Six Degrees of Separation (1993), and only a handful from his
first mega-hits, Bad Boys (1995) and Independence Day (1996); and
“Summertime” itself became one of his first huge hits, reaching #4 on Billboard’s singles chart and #1 on the
R&B/Hip Hop chart. It wasn’t quite the Willenium
yet in 1991, but the occasion was at least approaching.
I’m not sure if
it’s possible to argue with Smith’s uniquely successful presence in 1990s
American culture (has any other artist had simultaneous hits in TV, film, and
music?), but how we AmericanStudy that presence, well, that’s a more complex
and open-ended question. On the one hand, I think it’s possible to see Smith’s
rap career, and more specifically a song like “Summertime,” as a crucial stage
in the genre’s evolution from something locally
and culturally grounded (in urban, African American communities and
experiences) to something more mainstream
and marketable (more, you could say, Bel-Air). “Summertime” even opens with
lyrics that explicitly contrast its vibe and identity with other contemporary
songs: “Here it is the groove slightly transformed/Just a bit of a break from
the norm/Just a little something to break the monotony/Of all that hardcore
dance that has gotten to be/A little bit out of control.” Seen in this light,
the song’s sample of (and closing allusion to) Kool and the Gang’s “Summer Madness” (1974)
indicates that it is a “new definition” (as the song’s closing lyric puts it)
of such musical and cultural traditions.
On the other
hand, this reading of Smith’s music and/or persona would seem to me problematic
in precisely the same ways as were critiques
of The Cosby Show for being
insufficiently representative of particular versions of the African American
experience. That is, Will Smith’s raps were no less (and no more)
“representative” than Tupac
Shakur’s, and vice versa—each are first and foremost the expression of a
particular artist and voice, but each can also connect to multiple possible
communities and experiences, and thus communicate those to their audiences. Seen
in that light, “Summertime” can be read as a profoundly intertextual
conversation with tradition, one that opens with a verse that entreats its
audience to “think of the summers of the past” and then alludes in each of the
next two verses to “Summer Madness,” that source of its musical sample. Whether
that tradition is specifically African American or broadly American (or simply
human) depends in part of the listener’s own identity and perspective, and of course
the different possibilities are far from mutually exclusive. Indeed, they’re
all part of that complex cultural entity that was and is the Fresh Prince.
Next
SummerStudying tomorrow,
Ben
PS. What do you
think? Other summer texts or contexts you’d highlight?
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